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Therefore, its localisation in the seminiferous tubules and epididymal sperm were investigated using immunofluorescent analysis, and its structure and function were also predicted. In addition, processes that regulate gene expression during spermiogenesis from elongated spermatid to epididymal sperm, such as ubiquitination, acetylation, deacetylation, and glycosylation, and the functional ART3 gene may play important roles during spermiogenesis. Next, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, protein–protein interaction network (PPI network), and bioinformatics analyses were performed to uncover the regulation network of acrosome formation during the transition from round to elongated spermatids. First, to explore the physiological mechanism of spermiogenesis that profoundly affects semen quality, homological trends of differential genes were compared during spermiogenesis in dairy cattle and mice. The differential analysis was carried out with the reference of the mouse transcriptome, and the homology trends of gene expression to the mouse were also analysed. To reduce subfertility caused by low semen quality and provide theoretical guidance for the eradication of human male infertility, we sequenced the bovine transcriptomes of round, elongated spermatids and epididymal sperms. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying bovine spermiogenesis, thereby contributing to the improved reproductive potential of cattle and the development of strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. It was also localised on the head and tail part near the head in epididymal sperm, suggesting its important role in the deformation from round spermatids to sperm. Interestingly, we observed that the ART3 protein on round and elongated spermatids was localised approximately to the lumen of seminiferous tubule. According to the sterility report on the ART3 protein and its possible epigenetic function, we detected that it was localised outside the spermatocyte, in round and elongated spermatids. ![]() We found differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in sperm head and tail formation, and epigenetic regulatory networks which regulated genetic material condensation, the deformation of the spermatid, and the expression of genes in it. Thus, we investigated the differential transcriptomics of spermatids from round spermatid to epididymal sperm and compared them with the transcriptomics of mice in the same period.
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